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01 ·Scaling & Power·★ MEMBER·11 min read Thermal Design from Scratch — The Wall in 3D Stacking Is Heat Nearly all the power that enters a chip leaves it as heat. Temperature is set by a series stack of thermal resistances, and once you stack dies vertically the hottest layer heats up with the square of the layer count. Heat flux and hotspots, the lag that thermal mass introduces, and which term liquid cooling actually removes — picking up where the power budget left off.